In materials science, a refractory is a material that is resistant to decomposition by heat or chemical attack and that retains its strength and rigidity at high temperatures. They are inorganic, non-metallic compounds that may be porous or non-porous, and their crystallinity varies widely: they may be crystalline, polycrystalline, amorphous, or composite. They are typically composed of oxides, carbides or nitrides of the following elements: silicon, aluminium, magnesium, calcium, boron, chromium and zirconium. Many refractories are ceramics, but some such as graphite are not, and some ceramics such as clay pottery are not considered refractory. Refractories are distinguished from the refractory metals, which are elemental metals and their alloys that have high melting temperatures.
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{"type":"standard","title":"Gerson Camata","displaytitle":"Gerson Camata","namespace":{"id":0,"text":""},"wikibase_item":"Q10293294","titles":{"canonical":"Gerson_Camata","normalized":"Gerson Camata","display":"Gerson Camata"},"pageid":59657981,"thumbnail":{"source":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gerson_camata.JPG/330px-Gerson_camata.JPG","width":320,"height":438},"originalimage":{"source":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Gerson_camata.JPG","width":863,"height":1182},"lang":"en","dir":"ltr","revision":"1280656751","tid":"79199fd2-01d1-11f0-8581-7d72f5e01d3d","timestamp":"2025-03-15T19:12:44Z","description":"Brazilian journalist and politician","description_source":"local","content_urls":{"desktop":{"page":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerson_Camata","revisions":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerson_Camata?action=history","edit":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerson_Camata?action=edit","talk":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Gerson_Camata"},"mobile":{"page":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerson_Camata","revisions":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:History/Gerson_Camata","edit":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerson_Camata?action=edit","talk":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Gerson_Camata"}},"extract":"Gerson Camata was a Brazilian journalist and politician. Camata served in Federal Senate for three terms from 1987 until 2011. He was also the first person directly elected Governor of Espírito Santo, an office he held from 1983 to 1986, following the restoration of democracy in the 1980s.","extract_html":"
Gerson Camata was a Brazilian journalist and politician. Camata served in Federal Senate for three terms from 1987 until 2011. He was also the first person directly elected Governor of Espírito Santo, an office he held from 1983 to 1986, following the restoration of democracy in the 1980s.
"}{"type":"standard","title":"Labiod Medjadja","displaytitle":"Labiod Medjadja","namespace":{"id":0,"text":""},"wikibase_item":"Q1649545","titles":{"canonical":"Labiod_Medjadja","normalized":"Labiod Medjadja","display":"Labiod Medjadja"},"pageid":26069136,"thumbnail":{"source":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Dz-02-Medjadja.svg/330px-Dz-02-Medjadja.svg.png","width":320,"height":259},"originalimage":{"source":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Dz-02-Medjadja.svg/701px-Dz-02-Medjadja.svg.png","width":701,"height":567},"lang":"en","dir":"ltr","revision":"1177397911","tid":"296fc1c6-5d32-11ee-8a6a-e61a4a9b490c","timestamp":"2023-09-27T12:34:12Z","description":"Commune and town in Chlef Province, Algeria","description_source":"local","coordinates":{"lat":36.25,"lon":1.4},"content_urls":{"desktop":{"page":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labiod_Medjadja","revisions":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labiod_Medjadja?action=history","edit":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labiod_Medjadja?action=edit","talk":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Labiod_Medjadja"},"mobile":{"page":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labiod_Medjadja","revisions":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:History/Labiod_Medjadja","edit":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labiod_Medjadja?action=edit","talk":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Labiod_Medjadja"}},"extract":"Labiod Medja